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He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. (*fragmentary*). Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Become a Member | When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Those who refused this were sent to prison. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. VAT reg no 816865400. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Use your outline Boston House, This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. 214 High Street, France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? West Yorkshire, The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Boston House, These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her.