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Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. and B.. Finally, How to compare and sort the List of employees using the Collections.comparing() method. using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. String is immutable in java. Construction and testing of polynomials predicting software maintainability. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroka Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Available online: Verifysoft Technology. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. In Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan, China, 2829 May 2011; pp. Research on Software Maintenance Cost of Influence Factor Analysis and Estimation Method. Basic Sort With Lambda Support. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. Determ. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. ; visualization, T.H. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two. 2021. This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. Future efforts could also be invested in investigating and determining the Index threshold levels for object-oriented software. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. For example, if code documentation significantly benefits software maintainability, a variant incorporating code comments into the Index computation should be used. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. Objects class from the Java.util . Join the DZone community and get the full member experience. Projects varying in maturity, popularity, domain, and size were included to ensure a diverse sample. Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. and Get Certified. Virtual Machinery. = standard deviation, Min. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. For 42 software systems, only the last released version was included in the experiment, while for the remaining 3 systems, all versions from the release history were included. ; Rachmadi, R.R. Therefore, extra caution should be taken when using the Index variants for more specific assessments instead of general ones. Microsoft. Next, is create two objects with different values and compare them. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. JHawk. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. 9099. Differentiate String == operator and equals() method, Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two distinct strings. Consequently, the maintainability of object-oriented software has become a significant topic of interest for both software researchers and practitioners. In Proceedings of the 2022 45th Jubilee International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia, 2327 May 2022; pp. ; software, T.H. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. Several aspects can impact the softwares maintainability, including the codes complexity, the softwares size, and the presence of documentation and comments that help describe the code. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. It is also possible that an object is equal to another given object, then the equals() method follow the equivalence relation to compare the objects. When possible, the parameter settings of the data analysis method used were provided to the reader to give a better understanding of the analysis. Avg. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? The Index variants computation was performed according to the equations presented in. The equals () method performs a full (deep) comparison. By using our site, you Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be included. Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: Java equals () Method Java hashCode () Method Java equals () Method The equals () method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. Sci. The authors declare no conflict of interest. A fuzzy approach for evaluation of maintainability of object oriented software system. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. You seem to have javascript disabled. 254258. anlalp, .; ztrk, M.M. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge about software maintainability and are of interest to software researchers. This allowed us to evaluate how the different variants capture the notion of maintainability when applied to measure the maintainability of the same software system and to compare the variants in terms of their absolute values. How to clone an ArrayList to another ArrayList in Java. ; Motogna, S. A Study of Maintainability in Evolving Open-Source Software. This method logic compares both object's id, name, and age values. (string1 == string2) it returns 0. if (string1 < string2) it returns a negative value. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? Bray, M.; Brune, K.; Fisher, D.A. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. Agree We rarely compare the object references in real projects. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. The object-oriented paradigm is one of the dominant programming paradigms for modeling and developing software. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. In this class, we have created two instances of the Employee class i.e. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. Lets say you just want to compare object references regardless of their content, then you can use the strict equality (===) or the loose one (==). To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics: In the above program, we've two strings style and style2. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. This interface is present in java.util package and contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1, Object obj2) and equals(Object element). And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Kencana, G.H. Over 2 million developers have joined DZone. Available online: Stack Overflow. Zhou, Y.; Xu, B. Save the above first code as BeanComparatorExample.java. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. However, the results could have been different for a different group of software systems, as there is no guarantee that the selected software systems are good representatives. In the above program, we have two strings namedstyle and style2 both containing the same world Bold. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. Ganpati, A.; Kalia, A.; Singh, H. A comparative study of maintainability index of open source software. ; methodology, T.H. The randomly generated value might change during the several executions of the program. The objective was to determine if and to what degree these variants are consistent with one another when used to assess the maintainability of a single software system and when used to compare the maintainability of different software systems. The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. 525532. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, Noida, India, 810 October 2014; pp. 187192. Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. [. As you can see, the result book1 === book2 is false despite the equality of their content because they have different references. The first threat to internal validity is related to the method used for data collection. Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The hash code is managed by a hash-based data structure, such as HashTable, HashSet, etc. ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. Development and Application of an Automated Source Code Maintainability Index. Identity of references The comparison operator == has long been known when dealing with primitive data types. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. This tutorial shows you how to get the list of properties with different value on two objects. The resulting visualizations for each case study are presented in, The consistency of the long-term trends in maintainability for each case study was analyzed using MannKendall Trend Tests, and the results are presented in, To examine the short-term trends in the maintainability of each case study, the differences in maintainability from one software release to its previous version are presented separately for each Index variant under study in, The results of different variants of an Index used to assess the maintainability of object-oriented software systems can vary greatly. Alsolai, H.; Roper, M. A systematic literature review of machine learning techniques for software maintainability prediction. We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. = median, Std. As the result, JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person1) is false and JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person2) is false. Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably. [, Heriko, T.; umak, B. Analyzing Linter Usage and Warnings Through Mining Software Repositories: A Longitudinal Case Study of JavaScript Packages. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. For A comparator object is capable of comparing two objects of the same class. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings . [, Counsell, S.; Liu, X.; Eldh, S.; Tonelli, R.; Marchesi, M.; Concas, G.; Murgia, A. Re-visiting the Maintainability Index Metric from an Object-Oriented Perspective. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. 1) By Using equals () Method The String class equals () method compares the original content of the string. Sjberg, D.I.K. = average, Med. In the below program, Created two Employee objects with different values. The objectives of this work were twofold: first, to highlight distinct variants of the Maintainability Index employed to measure maintainability in object-oriented systems and assess the results of variants when applied to measure the maintainability of the same subject software; second, to research the results of the variants when applied to measure the maintainability of a software system to compare the system with other systems. The original three-metric Maintainability Index (further referred to as. De Lucia, A.; Pompella, E.; Stefanucci, S. Assessing effort estimation models for corrective maintenance through empirical studies. Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs . Oman, P.; Hagemeister, J. Whereas the equals() method compares two objects. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. [. The above code snippet shows that two employees will be equal if they are stored in the same memory address or they have the same regno. emp1 and emp2. With extensive use of the Maintainability Index in software research and practice, the Index has been fine-tuned over time to better represent the maintainability characteristics of software systems, to ease the calculation, or to aid the interpretation of the results. [, Sharma, A.; Grover, P.; Kumar, R. Predicting maintainability of component-based systems by using fuzzy logic. To compare two elements, it asks Which is greater? Compare method returns -1, 0, or 1 to say if it is less than, equal, or greater to the other. In the Employee class, we have defined two fields regno of type int and name of type String. 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The software maintainability index revisited. = average, Med. ; data curation, T.H. The results showed that the choice of the variant could influence the perception of maintainability. To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. However, not only are the referenced arrays different in content, but the references themselves are also different. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. 8893. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. The Maintainability Index is frequently used as a single-valued measure for estimating the overall maintainability of software, taking these aspects into account in different ways through various Index variants. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. It returns false because x holds the double value and y holds the long value that is not equal. ; Symeonidis, A.L. We can solve this issue by splitting the test into two tests one test per assert. ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. To ensure all included software systems were following object-oriented principles, some manual inspection of the source code of subject software systems was performed by the authors. It compares values of string for equality. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. How to Compare Two Objects in Java? The Maintainability Index variants were computed from software metrics extracted from the code of each system by the JHawk tool. However, this must still be overwritten accordingly. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. If the Class only has a few properties, you can write the code by comparing each property. In this short tutorial, we'll solve this using Gson, a JSON serialization\deserialization library that can do a deep comparison between JSON objects. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. To overcome this and compare JSON data semantically, we need to load the data into a structure in memory that's not affected by things like whitespace or by the order of an object's keys. And so usingFakeItEasyI was able to create the following code: What we have here is a newfakeobject a.k.afakeExpectedwhich would call custom code when itsEqualsmethod is called.