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All rights reserved, the Supreme Court ended a constitutional right to the procedure, Biden Signs Policing Order on Anniversary of George Floyd's Death, Biden Signs Executive Order to Protect LGBTQ Community, Ban Conversion Therapy, several executive orders that former President Donald Trump had signed. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides some coverage for people with preexisting conditions. 1999-2023. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/323876, The American Presidency ProjectJohn Woolley and Gerhard PetersContact, Copyright The American Presidency ProjectTerms of Service | Privacy | Accessibility. Also, disobeying an executive order may either land one in jail or not, while many laws carry prison sentences or fines if one disobeys. - 3 of the 13 had nothing to do with Executive Orders. Estimates have reportedly ranged as high as 50,000. An executive order essentially lays out a goal, but it doesnt make anything concrete, says Dr. Daniel B. Fagbuyi, an emergency physician and Obama administration biodefense and public health advisor.This executive order is basically meaningless and has no legal effect, says Sklar. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, and cite the authority by which the president is making the order. Health experts dont expect the executive order to result in many large-scale changes.Additionally, the Trump administration is trying to overturn the Affordable Care Act, which requires insurance companies to provide coverage to people with preexisting conditions. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, "Executive Orders." A: Executive orders are issued by the President of the United States, acting in his capacity as head of the executive branch, directing a federal official or administrative agency to engage in a course of action or refrain from a course of action. Executive Order 9577-A). .center-table-mobile { They have the "force of law" if the topic of the executive order is "founded on the authority of the President derived from the Constitution or statute," according to the House Government Operations Committee. Rate: 4-5 stars Hy theo di chng ti b sung thm cc kin thc b ch cho mnh nh. This page provides a list of the executive orders, presidential memoranda, and proclamations issued by Biden in reverse chronological order. Eagles Wide Receiver Zach Pascal Robbed at Gunpoint in Maryland, College Park Mayor Arrested on 56 Counts of Possession, Distribution of Child Pornography, Watch News4: Live and Replays on NBC4 App, Peacock, Roku, Samsung TV Plus & Xumo Play, Amazon Pausing Construction on HQ2 in Crystal City, Virginia. But if you do not have employer-based coverage, without the ACA it may be impossible to get coverage. [1][2], Presidential memoranda are similar to executive orders, but they are neither numbered nor have the same publication requirements. Since a president enacts this order, they also can revoke the order. Eliminates the tipped minimum . However, the Federal Register Act specified that such orders need not be published if they had no general applicability and legal effect. Thus, the text of some post-1936 orders is not available. Another sought to re-establish diplomatic relations, reopen embassies and expand travel and commerce with Cuba. Each succeeding president has scored worse than that, bottoming out with. [3], In his 2014 book, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action, Phillip J. Cooper, a professor of public administration at Portland State University, wrote, "As a practical matter, the memorandum is now being used as the equivalent of an executive order, but without meeting the legal requirements for an executive order. But experts point out that the administration is trying to overturn the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which already offers protections for preexisting conditions. As of March 3, 2023, President Joe Biden (D) had signed 107 executive orders, 127 presidential memoranda, 390 proclamations, and 79 notices. Courts are part of the Judicial Branch, Congress is part of the Legislative Branch. rev. The best it can do if . President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation executive order freed slaves in the South in 1863 and both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson used executive orders to bar racial discrimination in federal housing, hiring and contracting. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, we would love your help! The American Presidency Project. We are adding earlier orders to the collection as possible, and welcome (and will gladly acknowledge) contributions to this effort. Ultimately, Congress is going to have to act to codify Roe into federal law, Biden said. If you have any questions about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, please let us know, all your questions or suggestions will help us improve in the following articles! Evidence has shown that people with preexisting conditions may be 12 times more likely to die from COVID-19 than health people. But we are confident that we have correctly counted the Lord entries (and the NARA figures are very close to ours). Can a bill become law without the president's signature? While it is common for members of the opposing political party to characterize a president's executive orders as overstepping bounds of power, all presidents, from George Washington to Donald Trump, have used them. In order to guarantee protection for people with preexisting conditions to have insurance coverage, there needs to be a law not just an executive action. how many executive orders have been overturned. We already have a law protecting people with preexisting conditions: the ACA.Currently, the Trump Administration is suing to overturn the law in the Supreme Court. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. Future presidents can also undo them by amending or rescinding an order from a previous president. List and Index of Presidential Executive Orders (Unnumbered Series, 1789 1941). Medical Helmet Therapy FAQs, How Much Elderberry Syrup Should A Child Take Elderberry and COVID-19: What You Need to Know, American-Football-Spieler (Stanford Cardinal), Amtseinfhrung des Prsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten, Bundestagswahlkreis in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Eisenbahninfrastrukturunternehmen (Deutschland), Familienmitglied des Hauses Sayn-Wittgenstein (Linie Berleburg), Fuball-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen 2011, Genossenschaftsbank (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Grundgesetz fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Internationaler Fuballwettbewerb fr Vereinsmannschaften, Komponist klassischer Musik (20. }. You are searching about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, today we will share with you article about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned was compiled and edited by our team from many sources on the internet. President Hoover attempted to bring further order and regularity to the processing and documenting of Executive orders (ibid). More than 13,000, in one form or another, have been issued since 1789. . Following the Trumps administration announcement, many health experts expressed criticism and claimed the executive order lacks substance and will likely have little impact. Executive orders are directives written by the president to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. FILE PHOTO: U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris watches as President Joe Biden signs executive orders on his racial equity agenda at the White House in Washington, U.S., January 26, 2021. 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They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, and cite the authority by which the president is making the order. Added 22 days ago|1/18/2023 9:58:54 AM Presidential Executive Orders, Numbered 1-8030, 1862-1938. We provide teachers with tools and data so they can help their students develop the skills, habits, and mindsets for success in school and beyond. The exception is William Henry Harrison, who died of pneumonia after serving just one month in office. In an effort to bolster American manufacturing, Biden signed an executive order directing agencies to strengthen requirements about purchasing products and services from U.S. workers and. Executive orders are directives written by the president to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. Courts can declare an executive order illegal or unconstitutional. How will access to health insurance for Americans with underlying health conditions be maintained if the Supreme Court invalidates the Affordable Care Act? The literature has thoroughly documented the ways in which executive orders mediate among the President, Congress, and agencies. Meanwhile, some of the more famous executive orders have changed the course of history. An Executive Order is effectively an operational instruction: it tells the agencies that belong to the Federal Government how they are to enact the laws passed by Congress. How can Congress overturn an executive order? While Biden acknowledges that executive action is a pale substitute for legislative action, he defended his heavy use of them at the start of the administration as a necessary stopgap to address the worst public health crisis in more than a century and reverse some of Trumps policies. The best known compilation includes "over 1500" unnumbered orders, but the editor notes that the true total is unknown. Each of these presidential documents is different in authority and implementation. Please tell me youre addressing the areas that need to be fixed, not ripping down something thats already being a safety net for millions of people, Fagbuyi said.Until a detailed plan is drafted and agreed upon during the legislative process, its unclear how these protections and goals will be enforced.It is important to ask how, says Sklar. The form, substance and numbers of presidential orders (jump to table below) has varied dramatically in the history of the US Presidency. The Office of Management and Budget is also not required to issue a budgetary impact statement on the subject of the memoranda. We offer quizzes, questions, instructional videos, and articles on a range of academic subjects, including math, biology, chemistry, physics, history, economics, finance, grammar, preschool learning, and more. This invariably means that they are dependent upon faithful execution of the law. Views: 52461833, How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned When President Barack Obama tried to use executive authority to fulfill his campaign pledge to close the U.S. military detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Congress stymied him by voting to block funding to pay for the transfer of prisoners from Guantanamo to the U.S., including for prosecution or medical care. Trump also outlined a potential healthcare plan that aims to protect people from surprise billing, ensure better care, and invest in critical areas.This includes a steadfast commitment to always protecting individuals with preexisting conditions and ensuring they have access to the high-quality healthcare they deserve, the order states. Here's the Full List of Donald Trump's Executive Orders. Log in for more information. Evan Vucci / AP. Executive orders are vulnerable to political change. Khan Academy is a nonprofit organization with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. Put simply, an executive order is a type of written instruction that presidents use to work their will through the executive branch of government. It's been less than a month since Donald Trump took office, and the 45th president has already signed a dozen executive orders. A bill becomes law if signed by the President or if not . Article 2 of the Constitution states that the executive order willl be with the American President and Sections 2 and 3 of the same article describes the various duties and powers of the president. We will also be adding our independent tallies for unnumbered orders. Most of Franklin D. Roosevelt's orders were measures aimed at responding to the Great Depression or initiating wartime policy. Estimates have reportedly ranged as high as 50,000. Lord, Clifford L., ed. Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. The impact of an executive order can be fleeting; Congress can't just pass a new law to override a president's directive, but it can cut off funding to make carrying it out impossible. Today virtually all numbered Executive Orders are published. } This executive order does not do this and if that is President Trumps commitment, then how will he ensure this?Last week, President Trump signed an executive order to help protect Americans with preexisting conditions like asthma or diabetes. You need a law to protect access to health insurance coverage for Americans with preexisting conditions, and we have a law it is called the Affordable Care Act, Sklar said. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump each. Research: Josh Altic Vojsava Ramaj Policy: Christopher Nelson Caitlin Styrsky Molly Byrne Katharine Frey Jimmy McAllister Samuel Postell And with employer-based healthcare, people who have preexisting conditions who lost their job could be at risk for being unable to get new insurance coverage if the ACA is overturned. See Biden's first 100 days of executive actions below. President Donald Trump signed an executive order focused on healthcare issues. How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned Trump's Executive Order on Healthcare: What to Know healthline admin 21/11/2022 0 Comment You are searching about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned , today we will share with you article about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned was compiled and edited by our team from . The editor, Lord, notes emphatically that no distinction can be made between numbered and unnumbered Orders on the basis of subject matter, general applicability, public interest, or legal effect., There have always been many forms of Presidential orders in addition to the numbered Executive Orders and Executive Orders included in the published "unnumbered series". His most controversial directive came in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 when hesigned Executive Order 9066, creating detention centers for hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans who were rounded up en masse and relocated to camps for the duration of World War II. New Jersey Historical Records Survey, Works Progress Administration, Newark, NJ. Even if they were able to obtain coverage they often had to pay far higher premiums. Last week, President Trump signed an executive order that claims to help protect Americans with preexisting conditions like cancer, asthma, or diabetes. Ed. Santa Barbara, CA. Historical use of executive orders, 1789-2023, Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-2023, Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees, Executive Order on Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through The Federal Government, Executive Order on Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay, Executive Order on Establishing the Presidents Advisory Council on African Diaspora Engagement in the United States, Executive Order on Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua, Executive Order on Lowering Prescription Drug Costs for Americans, Executive Order On Enhancing Safeguards For United States Signals Intelligence Activities, Executive Order on Expanding Eligibility For Certain Military Decorations And Awards, Executive Order on Promoting the Arts, the Humanities, and Museum and Library Services, Executive Order on Ensuring Robust Consideration of Evolving National Security Risks by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, Executive Order on the Implementation of the Energy and Infrastructure Provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Executive Order on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure American Bioeconomy, Executive Order on the Implementation of the CHIPS Act of 2022, Executive Order on Securing Access to Reproductive and Other Healthcare Services, Executive Order on Bolstering Efforts to Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home, Executive Order on Establishing an Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between Certain Railroads Represented by the National Carriers Conference Committee of the National Railway Labor Conference and Their Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations, Executive Order on Protecting Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services, Executive Order on Advancing Equality for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex Individuals, Executive Order on Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices to Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety, Executive Order on Enhancing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee, Executive Order on Strengthening the Nations Forests, Communities, and Local Economies, Prohibiting New Investment in and Certain Services to the Russian Federation in Response to Continued Russian Federation Aggression, Executive Order on Continuing to Strengthen Americans Access to Affordable, Quality Health Coverage, Executive Order on Advancing Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Federal Contracting by Promoting Pay Equity and Transparency, Executive Order on Prohibiting Certain Imports, Exports, and New Investment with Respect to Continued Russian Federation Aggression, Executive Order on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets, Executive Order on Prohibiting Certain Imports and New Investments With Respect to Continued Russian Federation Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine, Executive Order on Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Continued Russian Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine, Executive Order on Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of Afghanistan, Executive Order on Use of Project Labor Agreements For Federal Construction Projects, Executive Order on 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, Executive Order on Establishing the United States Council on Transnational Organized Crime, Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade, Executive Order on Transforming Federal Customer Experience and Service Delivery to Rebuild Trust in Government, Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability, Executive Order on the National Space Council, Executive Order on Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Service Contracts, Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency With Respect To the Situation in Burundi, Executive Order on Implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Executive Order on Improving Public Safety and Criminal Justice for Native Americans and Addressing the Crisis of Missing or Murdered Indigenous People, Executive Order on the Designation to Exercise Authority Over the National Defense Stockpile, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans, Executive Order on the White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities, Executive Order on Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees and Amendments to Other Executive Orders, Executive Order on Adding Measles to the List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases, Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia, Executive Order on Amending Executive Order 14007, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics, Executive Order on Ensuring Adequate COVID Safety Protocols for Federal Contractors, Executive Order on Requiring Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Federal Employees, Executive Order on Declassification Review of Certain Documents Concerning the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity through Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to Certain Russian Energy Export Pipelines, Executive Order on Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Belarus, Executive Order on Strengthening American Leadership in Clean Cars and Trucks, Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy, Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce, Executive Order on Protecting Americans Sensitive Data from Foreign Adversaries, Executive Order on Blocking Property And Suspending Entry Into The United States Of Certain Persons Contributing To The Destabilizing Situation In The Western Balkans, Executive Order on Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Certain Companies of the Peoples Republic of China, Executive Order on Advancing Equity, Justice, and Opportunity for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, Executive Order on Climate-Related Financial Risk, Executive Order on the Revocation of Certain Presidential Actions and Technical Amendment, Executive Order on Improving the Nations Cybersecurity, Executive Order on the Establishment of the Climate Change Support Office, Executive Order on Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors, Executive Order on Worker Organizing and Empowerment, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, Executive Order on the Establishment of the Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States, Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency With Respect to the International Criminal Court, Executive Order on Establishment of the White House Gender Policy Council, Executive Order on Guaranteeing an Educational Environment Free from Discrimination on the Basis of Sex, Including Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity, Executive Order on Promoting Access to Voting, Executive Order on the Revocation of Certain Presidential Actions, Executive Order on Americas Supply Chains, Executive Order on the Revocation of Executive Order 13801, Executive Order on the Establishment of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to the Situation in Burma, Executive Order on Rebuilding and Enhancing Programs to Resettle Refugees and Planning for the Impact of Climate Change on Migration, Executive Order on the Establishment of Interagency Task Force on the Reunification of Families, Executive Order on Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework to Address the Causes of Migration, to Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and to Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border, Executive Order on Restoring Faith in Our Legal Immigration Systems and Strengthening Integration and Inclusion Efforts for New Americans, Executive Order on Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act, Executive Order on the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, Executive Order on Reforming Our Incarceration System to Eliminate the Use of Privately Operated Criminal Detention Facilities, Executive Order on Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of Americas Workers, Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform, Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce, Executive Order on Economic Relief Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Executive Order on Establishing the COVID-19 Pandemic Testing Board and Ensuring a Sustainable Public Health Workforce for COVID-19 and Other Biological Threats, Executive Order on Protecting Worker Health and Safety, Executive Order on Supporting the Reopening and Continuing Operation of Schools and Early Childhood Education Providers, Executive Order on Ensuring an Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery, Executive Order on a Sustainable Public Health Supply Chain, Executive Order on Ensuring a Data-Driven Response to COVID-19 and Future High-Consequence Public Health Threat, Executive Order on Improving and Expanding Access to Care and Treatments for COVID-19, Executive Order on Promoting COVID-19 Safety in Domestic and International Travel, Executive Order on Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel, Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation, Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis, Executive Order on Ensuring a Lawful and Accurate Enumeration and Apportionment Pursuant to the Decennial Census, Executive Order on Revocation of Certain Executive Orders Concerning Federal Regulation, Executive Order on the Revision of Civil Immigration Enforcement Policies and Priorities, Executive Order on Organizing and Mobilizing the United States Government to Provide a Unified and Effective Response to Combat COVID-19 and to Provide United States Leadership on Global Health and Security, Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce and Requiring Mask-Wearing, Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government, Memorandum on Presidential Waiver of Statutory Requirements Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Department of Defense Supply Chains Resilience, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Sections 506(a)(1) and 552(c)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Supporting Access to Leave for Federal Employees, Memorandum on Fourteenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Memorandum on Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Certain Hong Kong Residents, Memorandum on Further Efforts to Protect Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 6501(b)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Memorandum on Certifications Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Memorandum on Uniform Standards for Tribal Consultation, Memorandum on Promoting Accountability for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, Memorandum on Presidential Determination with Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Presidential Waiver of Statutory Requirements Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Public Law 117-169, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2023, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Terminating the Designation of Afghanistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 610 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on Major Drug Transit or Major Illicit Drug Producing Countries for Fiscal Year 2023, Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 614(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on the Proposed Agreement to Extend the Agreement for Cooperation between the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2022, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Sections 102 and 106 of the CHIPS Act of 2022, Memorandum on Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia, Memorandum on Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians, Memorandum on the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, Memorandum on the Prescription of Method of Designating a Member of the Military Sentencing Parameters and Criteria Board, Memorandum on the Establishment of the White House Task Force to Address Online Harassment and Abuse, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Insulation, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Electric Heat Pumps, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Transformers and Electric Power Grid Components, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Solar Photovoltaic Modules and Module Components, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Electrolyzers, Fuel Cells, and Platinum Group Metals, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Sections 1209 and 1236 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, as Amended, Memorandum on the Designation of Colombia as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) and Section 614(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under the Defense Production Act to Ensure an Adequate Supply of Infant Formula, Memorandum on Addressing the Long-Term Effects of COVID-19, Memorandum on Finding of a Severe Energy Supply Interruption, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 552(c)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Designation of the State of Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on the Finding that a Drawdown and Sale of Petroleum from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is Required by U.S.