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In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Festinger, L. (1957). Christopher D. Green Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. 80 0 obj <> endobj What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Introducing Cram Folders! That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Please sign in to share these flashcards. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. endobj 47 14 They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? 0000000868 00000 n And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. I hope you did enjoy it. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. To achieve consonance, something has to give. 0000000658 00000 n Discourage questions and alternate solutions. 0000094931 00000 n When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. endobj If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. /Text This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Social Researcher. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. The five ratings were: 1. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. /Contents 58 0 R Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. endobj /Info 46 0 R enjoyable than the others would. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. $K{.-hC ;{l8S That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). >> He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. Their prediction provedcorrect. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion <> This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Some have already been discussed. soc. endstream endobj startxref Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. What is the Sacrifice Trap? When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. York University, Toronto, Ontario. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Scott, W. A. B. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. /Size 61 The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. 1 This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. This has many practical implications. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. >> Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. /Resources 50 0 R The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. The S worked at this task for another half hour. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable (p.3). The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. New York Times, p.C1. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Oct. 2011. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. endobj The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz endstream Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? "I didn't like the sermon at all today. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. J. abnorm. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page How would a social psychologist describe this situation? JANIS, I.L. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor.